PIRE evaluated 7 drug abuse residential treatment centers for men and women in Afghanistan. The main goals of the evaluation were: (1) to assess the pre-post change in illegal drug use, problem drinking, and related problems (e.g., illegal criminal activity, number of arrests) after participating in an in-country drug treatment program, (2) to examine the association between the level of success of former residents of drug treatment and the treatment processes (e.g., length of stay), extent and type of training that program staff has received, and contextual factors (e.g., drug addiction stigma), and (3) examine the pervasiveness of social factors potentially associated with drug addiction among Afghan women and sex differences in treatment outcomes.